I recently drove across northern Nevada from Winnemucca to Gerlach to the NV-CA state line in the upper reaches of Smoke Creek, and while the temperature was holding steady at about 89°F, I stopped at Sulphur to take a few quick pictures. It turns out that Sulphur is a bigger place than I had realized on my several stops through the area, and so I spent a little extra time there.
In the first photo, you can see the roof of a building on the ground—this roof has been photographed many times and is easy to find on the internet—and you can see a well-built cabin. I'm not sure where exactly the cabin came from, because it, and the sign, were not present the last time I drove through the area, which was last May (2017). Although I didn't get photos last year showing this precise area, I do have photos from 2013 without sign or cabin, and Google also currently shows the area without either.
The sign says the town was at least 400 acres in size (about 0.625 square miles), and that claims for sulfur were first filed in 1875.
I wandered over to take a closer look at the "new" cabin, which has bars on doors and windows to deter entry.
An interior shot.
Then, having ventured farther than I expected when I first stopped, I decided to brave the slightly above average temperature to wander around. I used only my out-of-date phone for these shots; the photos turned out better than expected.
Looking east toward the barely active Hycroft gold mine.
Upside down washer?
Remains of a root cellar.
Looking west toward the Black Rock Desert—not visible for the raised railroad bed—we can see the many remains of Sulphur in the foreground and the Granite Range near Gerlach (left) and the Calico Mountains (right) in the blueish background.
Sulfur at Sulphur!
Old bed springs.
Partly shot up old stove.
And then it was time to move on. I had 44 miles to get to Gerlach, and many more miles beyond that.
Strangely enough, very few of the Nevada or western ghost town sites have any information about the place; those with the most info are (1) the Sulphur and Sulphur Mining District wikis by the Friends of the Black Rock Desert, (2) the Black Rock Explorers Society's page on Sulphur, (3) a blurb at the Winnemucca Convention & Visitor's Authority, and (4) an article at Nevada Magazine. I'm not sure who has added the new sign and moved in the "new" old cabin (actually, the signs there are marked National Conservation Lands, part of BLM, and the sign says "Funded by the Hycroft Mining Corporation") but upon my Google search for new sign at Sulphur Nevada, the 6th hit is Zillow reporting it has 0 homes for sale in Sulphur, NV. I'll henceforth be excluding Sulphur from my new home searches!
Geo-tripping in Nevada [pdf], NBMG map guide to many or most of the NBMG field trip guides in Nevada through E-50.
In search of Tufa, Tuff, and Tough Rocks [link to download pdf], ESW 2010, E-50, NBMG: stops are east of Pyramid Lake; trip guide includes Reno to Pyramid Lake, Pyramid Lake to Wadsworth, Pyramid Lake to Brady's Hot Springs, Brady's Hot Springs to Reno.
No Child Left Inside: A field trip for Families and Rockhounds [link to download pdf], ESW 2008, E-47, NBMG: stops are near Fallon, east of Fallon, north of Fallon, and in the Truckee River Canyon along I-80; road guide runs from Reno to east of Fallon, Fallon to Trinity (junction of I-80 and 95), and Trinity to Reno.
Taking the Pulse of the Earth [link to download pdf], ESW 2007, E-46, NBMG: south of Reno (Slide Mountain, Steamboat, and Virginia Foothills; the latter two not available to public).
Rockin' Along the River [link to download pdf], ESW 2006, E-45 NMBG: Truckee River Verdi to Wadsworth
Well, it's weeks later, and I'm not up in the far northlands of Southcentral AK anymore (but instead am in the snowy middle-lands of the West), but indeed, the sun did come out the day after I took the ice and snow photos of my last post, and the trees, especially the deciduous trees, were covered with inch-plus-thick rime ice.
There were birds hanging out, in the birch trees especially, though we can't see them here—at least not clearly.
A tree partly in shadow.
Ice and snow on the back fence. Sparkling. Glittering.
Soft rime ice (from days of ice fog) on a shrubby tree.
Some ducks flew by overhead, as did a few ravens.
More trees!
Ice covered trees and icy cirrus clouds.
And here we can see a few of the birds.
These are Bohemian waxwings.
There were huge flocks of the waxwings hanging out in the tops of the birch trees, and until I got these close-ups, we didn't know what they were. These are fairly common in Southcentral, though I don't think I had seen them up there for a few years.
It's been icy cold in the far northlands, with temperatures hovering not too far above zero for several days. The snow isn't really all that deep, only 8 inches in the back yard, but it's covering everything and hanging fairly heavy on the trees.
Snow on black spruce.
Looking upward, we can see ice crystals frozen on to the needles.
It was about 3°F when I was out taking these photos.
Brr!
Ice crystals on the twigs of a deciduous tree.
Ice is a mineral of the hexagonal crystal system. The crystals in this photo consist mostly of needles and plates, probably a combination of of soft rime ice and hoarfrost.
I'm hoping for some sun today so I can take more photos of the ice-laden trees.
I'm doing the year-end meme wherein I compile the first sentence of the first post of every month. Meme rules are as follows, as per DrugMonkey:
Post the link and first sentence from the first blog entry for each month of the past year.
I also add the first photo from the same first post. Previous takes on this Twelve Month meme at LFD were posted for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2015.
After checking out the southern route to Mineral Ridge while on my 1976 thesis quest, I headed north out of Silver Peak on then Highway 47 (now S.R. 265), carefully measuring the miles to the left-hand turnoff.
From the vantage point of the end of the last post, a little southwest of Luning, Nevada, I turned around and pointed my camera northeast across Soda Spring Valley ... and paused to think back to the late 1980s, when we in the Western District of Former Mining Company had finally taken over exploration of the Walker Lane, which until then had been a mostly unexplored part of the Nevada District.
May:
I'm not sure how I got started on checking different words and concepts on Google Books Ngram Viewer yesterday, although my "History" tab suggests to me that it might have been related to some reading I was doing on science fiction.
I collected this hand sample from the Original Bullfrog mine, Nye County, Nevada, sometime back in the mid to late 1980s when doing recon in the area, then cut and polished it—probably with a company saw and grinding wheel.
We're now about two thirds of the way up the hill toward Red Pass on the Titus Canyon road, a one-way road that runs approximately east to west from Nevada into California, starting not far south of the ghost town of Rhyolite.
There I was, preparing a few photos for posting in the ongoing Death Valley Trip – Titus Canyon series, doing my usual thing of marking up photos in MS Paint (I'm too cheap to buy any real photo programs), when I figured that I must have something around the house that might work better than either dragging the cursor across the screen with my trackpad or dragging my finger across the computer's touch screen.
Now we'll leave the parking area near the Leadfield sign and, as I promised last time, we’ll walk out to what I’ve been referring to as the “far west cabin," although maybe that should really be "far northwest cabin."
When I drove to the area on the south side of the Whipple Mountains where I ended up camping amidst downpours and nearby lightning, I thought I'd grab a few photos of the Colorado River Aqueduct, which passes through just north of CA Highway 62 on its way to the greater L.A. area, but an RVer was camped just beyond the aqueduct overpass, so I blew it off until I left.
I collected this hand sample from the Original Bullfrog mine, Nye County, Nevada, sometime back in the mid to late 1980s when doing recon in the area, then cut and polished it—probably with a company saw and grinding wheel. This specimen is no doubt the best one I still have (a few may have been lost during one or two house moves), although it's been a while since I looked through all my rock boxes. This one photo has already been featured in two earlier posts, here and here.
I've got a few more photos to show you. These zoom in so we can see the size of the shiny ore minerals contained within the rock: v.g. (visible gold) and a silvery-gray silver mineral.
Here's the other side of this same rock.
We'll be focusing in on the lower left.
I've zoomed in here. Can you see the shiny flecks?
Well, it's hard to see them without holding the rock up to the light and waving it back and forth to get the metallic glint, so I've circled the little bits in yellow and light blue (cyan). Yellow is for gold; cyan is for silver.
See them now?
Yes, these are very tiny flecks of native gold and a silver mineral. The silver mineral is probably either acanthite; Ag-bearing tetrahedrite, with Ag substituting for Cu in the solid-solution series with freibergite; or uytenbogaardtite.
Zooming in even farther, we can see the ore minerals without enlarging the photo.
A few of these show up really well.
Next time I get my hands on this sample—I think it's still up in Alaska—I'll see if I can get even better photos.
We're officially on the Titus Canyon leg of our larger Death Valley trip—a round trip odyssey that will take us to and near a number of places. This section of our journey began with the last post, which was centered around Beatty. I’ll be complementing my February photographs with photos from a similar journey MOH and I took back in the late spring of 2009. So, let's get on with it! We'll begin by leaving Beatty.
There are two ways to get to the Titus Canyon road from Beatty. I usually forget that fact because it's generally been years between journeys into the canyon. Consequently, I seem to end up on this route one time, and that route the next time, alternating routes without really thinking about it. Then I wonder why the road, the signs, and the overall lay of the land don't look the same as the last time I passed through the area.
Beatty's main intersection: a 4-way stop.
We went one way in 2009, turning left at Beatty’s main intersection, which kept us on U.S. 95 as we drove east and then south through and out of town. We passed the dirt turnoff to Fluorspar Canyon (might there be some fluorite up there?) and passed into the Amargosa Narrows. Not far beyond the Narrows, we turned right onto the unsigned paved road to the Beatty Airport, which goes by an obscure ghost town, Gold Center. Airport Road turns to dirt beyond the airport.
The Amargosa Narrows: Precambrian Z rocks crop out on the right, left, and straight ahead.
We went the other way this past February, going straight on Nevada S.R. 374, the Daylight Pass road, at the same intersection. This paved road winds through a bit of the Bullfrog Hills, going by Velvet Peak and Paradise Mountain. It then meets up with Airport Road near the Bullfrog pit of the currently inactive Bullfrog open pit gold mine.
The Bullfrog pit, as seen from the dirt portion of Airport Road, looking across a sea of blooming creosote (from the early May trip, 2009).
The Bullfrog gold mine—AKA the Barrick Bullfrog gold mine—was in operation from 1988 or '89 through 1998, when it produced about 2.4 million ounces of gold from two main open pits, the Bullfrog pit and the Montgomery-Shoshone pit, and from at least one related underground project, the North Extension. Discovery of these ore deposits began in 1982 with St. Joe Minerals Corporation (overall history is described in some detail here, here, and here). The exploration property then passed through several companies in quick succession through a series of acquisitions or buyouts, going from St. Joe to Bond Gold Corporation, then to Lac Minerals Ltd (or LAC Minerals Ltd, depending on the year—this company went back and forth with its name several times in a few years), and then to Barrick Gold Corporation.
The deposit is hosted in Tertiary volcanic rocks, mostly ash-flow tuffs that are cited by Castor et al (1989) as being correlative with the Miocene Timber Mountain Tuff, which has age dates ranging from about 10 to about 15 Ma (Geolex). In fact, the host formation was mapped by Maldonado et al (1990) as the Rainier Mesa Member of the Timber Mountain Tuff.
I had a tour of the Bullfrog pit back in the late 1980s or in 1990, while I was working for Former Mining Company. Bond Gold was probably the operator when I was there, and the mine was just called the Bullfrog mine. We learned then that much of the overall low-grade ore is concentrated in veins, breccias, and stockworks, and we thought at the time the deposit would be fairly difficult to make money at. It later surprised me that a large company like Barrick got involved in the mining. (I have no idea how the economics really played out; so much can depend on the up front expenditures a company has made and the price of gold during production.)
The deposit formed near the end of an extreme extensional event that took place in the area between 11.4 and 7.6 Ma (Castor and Weiss, 1992; Weiss et al, 1995; Castor et al, 1999). Although ore is partly hosted in and controlled by structures in the upper plate of the Bullfrog Hills detachment fault, it's not generally considered to be a detachment-related type of ore deposit (although knowledge of detachment faulting and related structural models would be indespensible for making discoveries in the Bullfrog mining district).
A little farther down the Daylight Pass Road, about six miles from the center of Beatty, the Titus Canyon dirt road heads WSW toward the Grapevine Mountains.
Turnoff to the Titus Canyon road.
The Titus Canyon road is a dirt road of variable character, narrow and washboardy in many parts, and entirely one way east to west. It isn't possible to turn around once you get going, and from asphalt to about "Tan Mountain," [name from Panoramio photo no longer available] there are few pullouts. It's possible that one could exit the road in two or more places within this first section, but it's not clear to me that any of these possible exits are really roads.
High clearance 4x4 vehicles are recommended!
Although 4WD is not usually necessary along most sections of the road, high clearance is a must, and 4WD can become necessary at any time (especially during bad weather). I think the road is blocked from the east when bad T-storms or flash flooding are expected, but I'd always want to check the weather to avoid getting stranded during a bad washout, like the kind the Death Valley area experienced in October, 2015.
This is what the October flooding looked like, during and after:
Don't get caught up in one of these!
Somewhere between the Titus Canyon warning sign and the Death Valley sign, you can look off to the north and see some classic Nevada ash-flow tuff formations, in this case tilted moderately along two detachment faults. The visible roads and workings are in the area of the Original Bullfrog mine, a little less than four miles west, as the crow flies, from the Bullfrog open pit.
Tilted volcanic rocks on Bullfrog Mountain (the highest point in the photo), with the Original Bullfrog mine not far left of center.
Wildflowers and creosote are in bloom in this May, 2009 photo. More precise photo and location information can be had by perusing the map near the end of this post.
I got to fooling around, saving this Google Earth image of Bullfrog Mountain from a similar angle as my photo above.
The same Google Earth image with two kmz file overlays.
What fun! Okay, this was so much fun, I went ahead and made the image match my photo more precisely, and then added a few geologic labels.
The photo, again, for comparison with the image below.
Geologic overlay of Google Earth (G.E.) image, labeled.
This is a good part of the Bullfrog Hills in which to see the results of the extreme extension that occurred in the area during the Miocene, although I'm not sure if its possible to actually place a finger on the main (or secondary) detachment surface. For the most part, the detachment faults are shown on the maps as dashed beneath Quaternary cover. In only three areas is either detachment fault mapped in the hills where we might be able to go look at the fault planes, and in only two places are dip measurement shown, and both sites are in the low hills to the east of the photo and images.
As for the rest of the local geology, the mylonitized lower plate Precambrian rocks are easily reconnoitered in the light colored hill on the far left of my photo (lower left of the G.E. geologic image), and the tilted volcanic section is easily walked in the hills above the Original Bullfrog mine. The main volcanic formations, oldest to youngest (west to east, left to right), are as follows: Ts3, mostly sandstone, shale, and conglomerate; Tql, quartz latite lava flows; Tlr, the Lithic Ridge Tuff; Tbt2, bedded tuff; Tcb, the Bullfrog Member of the Crater Flat Tuff; Tbt3, bedded tuff; Tpc, the Tiva Canyon Member of the Paintbrush Tuff; Tbt4, bedded tuff; and Tmr, the Rainier Mesa Member of the Timber Mountain Tuff. The Op on these maps is the Ordovician Pogonip Group, here consisting of limestone only 60m thick. The Zm consists of Late Proterozoic metamorphic rocks that have mid- to late Miocene cooling ages related to the regional extension.
Bullfrog ore.
The lower trenches at the Original Bullfrog mine used to be a great place to stop when driving through the area. (The location dot in the last image shows the site of the original mine, not the lower trenches; the lower trenches are more easily seen in the last photo as the small color anomaly below the location of that dot.) The easily unearthed quartz-amethyst veins contain v.g. and other neat minerals (see this post and next week's post). Much of the mineralized material was mined out in the 1980s (or earlier?), and a bunch of it was placed on a nearby heap leach pad. I doubt that leaching was an efficient way of recovering gold and silver from this ore, and we used to bemoan the placing of all this great specimen material out to leach. Not long after my first introduction to the area, which was probably in about 1986 or a little later, someone—no, I really can't won't say who—came and scraped the leach pad, removing all the rock in order to recover and melt the gold and electrum down for a wedding ring (at least that's the story I've heard). I visited the area most recently on the last day of the last millennium (depending on when we say the millenium started). I camped on one of the drill roads after wandering around the roads, trenches, and prospects. I didn't find much. If you ever happen to stop by the area, remember that you're probably on patented (private) ground, at least up near the original mine site, although I don't remember seeing any signs.
The Death Valley National Park boundary on the Titus Canyon is marked by signs, a fence, and a cattle guard.
Here's where we'll stop our journey today, right at the eastern boundary of Death Valley National Park (as an oldtimer, I keep wanting to call it a National Monument).
